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Patrick Karel Kroupa (also known as Lord Digital, born January 20, 1969) is an American writer, hacker and activist. Kroupa was a member of the legendary Legion of Doom and Cult of the Dead Cow hacker groups and co-founded MindVox in 1991, with Bruce Fancher. He was a heroin addict from age 14 to 30 and got clean through the use of the hallucinogenic drug ibogaine. ==Early years== Kroupa was born in Los Angeles, California, of Czech parents who left Prague, Czechoslovakia, after the Soviet invasion in 1968. His parents were divorced when Kroupa was six, and he relocated to New York City, where he was raised by his mother. He is the nephew of Czech opera singer Zdeněk Kroupa.〔(Zdeněk Kroupa ) 1921-1999〕 Patrick Kroupa was part of the first generation to grow up with home computers and network access. In numerous interviews he has repeatedly listed two events which were important in shaping the course of his later years. The first was being exposed to one of the first two Cray supercomputers that were ever built, which was located at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) where his father was a physicist, who took him through the labs and taught him to program in Fortran and feed the Cray using punched cards. This happened during the same year that Woody Allen was filming ''Sleeper'', using NCAR in many of the futuristic background scenes that appeared in the movie. Kroupa got an Apple II computer for his own use around the time he was seven or eight years old.〔(Internet Gurus ) Tod Foley〕 The second event was being part of the last days of Abbie Hoffman's YIPL/TAP (Youth International Party Lines/Technological Assistance Program) counter-culture/Yippie meetings that were taking place in New York City's Lower East Side, during the early 1980s. Kroupa again lists this event, repeatedly in interviews, as opening many new doors for him and changing his perceptions about technology. TAP was the original hacker and phone phreak publication which predated ''2600'' by decades (at the time of the last TAP meetings, 2600 magazine was just starting to publish its first issues). Kroupa met many people there who would become part of his life in the years to come. Three of the main characters would be his future partner and lifelong friend, Bruce Fancher; Yippie/Medical Marijuana activist Dana Beal (The Theoretician), who was part of the John Draper (Cap'n Crunch) /Abbie Hoffman, technologically inclined branch of the counter-culture and perhaps most important: Herbert Huncke, who introduced Kroupa to heroin at age 14.〔(Blacklisted News: A Secret History of the 80's ) Yippie Book Collective. Bleecker Publishing (1984)〕 With the exception of the counter-cultural and hard-drug elements, the preceding history made Kroupa part of a small group, composed of a few hundred kids who were either wealthy enough to afford home computers in the late 1970s, or had technologically savvy families who understood the potentials of what the machines could do.〔(The First Trinity: the Commodore PET, the Radio-Shack TRS-80, and the Apple ) (1977-1980)〕 The Internet as it is today did not exist; only a small percentage of the population had home computers and out of those who did, even fewer had online access through the use of modems.〔(The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ), 6th edition〕 During his time in the computer underground Kroupa was a member of the first Pirate/Cracking crew to ever exist for the Apple II computer: The Apple Mafia〔(The Apple Mafia Story )〕〔Apple Mafia Krack (title page 1 )〕〔Apple Mafia Krack (title page 2 )〕 as well as various phreaking/hacking groups, the most high-profile being the Knights of Shadow. When KOS fell apart after a series of arrests, many of the surviving members were absorbed into Kroupa's final group affiliation: the Legion of Doom (LoD/H).〔THE HACKER CRACKDOWN: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier (War on The Legion ), Bruce Sterling〕 Kroupa started publishing some of his hacking techniques when he would have been around 12 or 13.〔(A Guide To ADS Systems ), Lord Digital (1982)〕 There is a significant progression through years of text, which captures Kroupa's early evolution and skills,〔(RSX11M Version 3.X Real Time Operating System ) Terminus and Lord Digital (1984)〕 culminating in an extensive, programmable phone phreaking and hacking toolkit for the Apple II computer, called Phantom Access (which is where the name Phantom Access Technologies, the parent corporation behind MindVox, would later come from). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Patrick K. Kroupa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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